This is then expressed as a percentage and rounded to the fourth decimal place.
Under Article 5.1.2 of the OECD Model Rules, the jurisdictional net Pillar Two GloBE income is the total Pillar Two GloBE income of all constituent entities in the jurisdiction, less any Pillar Two GloBE losses of constituent entities in the jurisdiction.
If there is a net Pillar Two GloBE loss, this is the end of the calculation and the Pillar Two GloBE effective tax rate (ETR) need not be calculated. In most cases this would mean no top-up tax would be due. The exception to this is where a Pillar Two domestic tax loss exceeds the Pillar Two GloBE loss. You can see more about this at Additional Tax.
If the jurisdictional ETR is below the 15% minimum rate, the jurisdiction is treated as a low-tax jurisdiction and the constituent entities are treated as low-taxed constituent entities.
The top-up tax percentage is simply the difference between the jurisdictional Pillar Two GloBE ETR and the 15% global minimum rate, as provided by Article 5.2.1 of the OECD Model Rules.
The top-up tax percentage is applied to ‘excess profit’ to determine the initial top-up tax due. The basic excess profit calculation is:
Note, when a domestic tax loss exceeds the GloBE loss, Article 2.7 of the OECD Administrative Guidance provides that an MNE can elect for the Excess Negative Tax Expense administrative procedure.
Key Aspects
Key aspects of this calculation worth noting are:
• If an MNE elected not to apply the substance-based income exclusion, excess profit would just be the net Pillar Two GloBE income for the jurisdiction. For more information on the substance-based income exclusion see, Substance-Based Income Exclusion
• The substance-based income exclusion cannot create a Pillar Two GloBE loss. If the substance-based exclusion amount exceeds Pillar Two GloBE income, the excess is simply lost.
• The jurisdictional blending approach also applies to the substance-based income exclusion. Therefore, if a constituent entity had little Pillar Two GloBE income but a large substance-based exclusion amount, this would be offset against the net Pillar Two GloBE income of the jurisdiction including other constituent entities in the jurisdiction.
See our simple Top-Up Tax Calculator for a high-level illustration of the mechanics of the top-up tax calculation.
The actual top-up tax calculation builds on all of the above, and is calculated as follows:
See Additional Top-Up Tax and Qualified Domestic Top-Up Tax for more information.
UPECo is the UPE of an MNE group located in Country A. It owns the entire share capital in two subsidiaries located in Country B, Company B and Company C. The MNE group is within the scope of the Pillar Two GloBE rules. Neither Company B nor Company C are investment entities.
Company A has:
Pillar Two GloBE income of 5,000,000 euros
Adjusted covered taxes of 1,000,000 euros
Investments in qualifying local tangible assets of 10,000,000 euros
Company B has:
Pillar Two GloBE income of 10,000,000 euros
Adjusted covered taxes of 1,000,000 euros
Investments in qualifying local tangible assets of 20,000,000 euros
The approach to calculating the amount of any top-up tax is as follows:
1. Calculate the top-up tax percentage
This is based on the jurisdictional Pillar Two GloBE income and Adjusted Covered Taxes.
The total Pillar Two GloBE income is 15,000,000 euros
The total Adjusted Covered Taxes are 2,000,000 euros
The Pillar Two GloBE ETR is therefore 13.3333% and the top-up tax percentage is 1.6667%
2. Calculate excess profit
This takes account of the substance-based income exclusion, again on a jurisdictional basis.
For the sake of simplicity lets ignore any transitional rules and have the rate for the tangible asset carve-out as 5%.
The substance-based income exclusion would therefore be 30,000,000 * 5% = 1,500,000 euros
Excess profit is therefore 15,000,000 – 1,500,000 = 13,500,000 euros.
3. Calculate top-up tax
If we assume there is no additional top-up tax or any tax payable under a qualifying domestic top-up tax (QDMTT), the top-up tax for Country B is 225,004 euros (13,500,000 * 1.6667%).
This illustrates the effect of jurisdictional blending. The income and taxes of the two companies in Country A are blended with the result that the high-tax company (Company A that had an ETR of 20% before the substance-based exclusion) offsets the low-tax company (Company B with an ETR of 10%).
Insurance Investment Entities are subject to special treatment under the Pillar Two GloBE Rules. Read our analysis of the key provisions.
On March 20, 2025, the Swedish Ministry of Finance issued a draft law to amend the Global Minimum Tax Act. The draft law is open for consultation until May 26, 2025. The purpose of the draft law is to implement the provisions of the June 2024 OECD Administrative Guidance into domestic law.
On March 18, 2025, the government approved a draft bill on the amendment of Liechtenstein’s Global Minimum Tax Act (‘the bill’). The bill is intended to implement domestically the OECD provisions for the exchange of information in the GloBE Information Return (GIR) under the multilateral agreement between competent authorities on the exchange of GloBE information (GIR MCAA).
On March 6, 2025 a Decree of the Italian Ministry of Finance on Notification Requirements for Global Minimum Tax purposes was published in the Official Gazette. This provides more details on the double filing relief notification under Article 51(4) of Legislative Decree December 27, 2023, no. 209 (the Global Minimum Tax Law).
The Pillar Two Rules include specific provisions for tax transparent entities to avoid artificially low effective tax rates and significant top-up tax, particularly for tax transparent UPEs.
Centralized HR/payroll companies are frequently used by MNE groups but raise specific issues in relation to the Pillar Two GloBE Rules. In particular, the impact of using a centralized function and the nature of recharges could have an impact on the substance-based income exclusion of group entities.
Jurisdictions that apply a territorial basis do not tax foreign source income. This raises some interesting issues in the application of the Pillar 2 rules.
On February 20, 2025, Gibraltar issued the Income Tax (Allowances, Deductions, and Exemptions) (Amendment) Rules 2025 to allow in-scope MNEs to just be taxed under the Global Minimum Tax Act, and not the Income Tax Act.
In this article we look at the interaction between deferred tax on bonus depreciation and the substance-based income exclusion on investments in tangible assets.
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