If the investment entity is treated as tax transparent in the owner’s jurisdiction anyway, then for tax purposes the income of transparent entities is taxed on the underlying owners. However, for accounting purposes, these entities would generally have their own financial accounts.
Given the GloBE rules rely on financial accounting information, specific additional rules are required to correctly allocate the income of transparent entities in a way that reflects most domestic tax treatment.
If special rules weren’t in place and the tax transparent entity was treated as having GloBE income and covered taxes under the standard GloBE rules, its ETR would often be zero and top-up tax would be due.
The purpose of this is again to try and align the GloBE rules with typical domestic tax treatment.
Investment funds are frequently tax-neutral entities under domestic law, with jurisdictions essentially looking to put investors into the fund in the same position for tax purposes as if they had made a direct investment.
Key amendments to the general GloBE rules are:
• Firstly, the financial accounting net income or loss of a transparent entity or reverse hybrid is reduced by any amounts due to owners that aren’t members of the MNE group.
This is necessary as the GloBE ETR of the group members won’t include income or taxes paid by non-group members.
• Secondly, if the transparent entity or reverse hybrid carries our business through a PE, this needs to be deducted from the accounting income of the transparent entity or reverse hybrid, given that permanent establishments (PEs) are treated as separate constituent entities for GloBE purposes.
• Finally, any remaining amount of the financial accounting income or loss is allocated to the owners if the entity is a transparent entity (based on their ownership interest).
This can flow up the chain if there are a number of transparent owners.
On March 27, 2025, Law No. 22 of 2024 was published in Qatar’s Official Gazette. This implements the Pillar Two Income Inclusion Rule and a Domestic Minimum Top- Up Tax from January 1, 2025.
On March 27, 2025, Bulgaria’s 2025 State Budget Law (the ‘2025 Budget Law’) was published in the Official Gazette. This includes a number of changes to the Corporate Income Tax Law to amend the Global Minimum Tax provisions from January 1, 2024.
Insurance Investment Entities are subject to special treatment under the Pillar Two GloBE Rules. Read our analysis of the key provisions.
On March 20, 2025, the Swedish Ministry of Finance issued a draft law to amend the Global Minimum Tax Act. The draft law is open for consultation until May 26, 2025. The purpose of the draft law is to implement the provisions of the June 2024 OECD Administrative Guidance into domestic law.
On March 18, 2025, the government approved a draft bill on the amendment of Liechtenstein’s Global Minimum Tax Act (‘the bill’). The bill is intended to implement domestically the OECD provisions for the exchange of information in the GloBE Information Return (GIR) under the multilateral agreement between competent authorities on the exchange of GloBE information (GIR MCAA).
On March 6, 2025 a Decree of the Italian Ministry of Finance on Notification Requirements for Global Minimum Tax purposes was published in the Official Gazette. This provides more details on the double filing relief notification under Article 51(4) of Legislative Decree December 27, 2023, no. 209 (the Global Minimum Tax Law).
The Pillar Two Rules include specific provisions for tax transparent entities to avoid artificially low effective tax rates and significant top-up tax, particularly for tax transparent UPEs.
Centralized HR/payroll companies are frequently used by MNE groups but raise specific issues in relation to the Pillar Two GloBE Rules. In particular, the impact of using a centralized function and the nature of recharges could have an impact on the substance-based income exclusion of group entities.
Jurisdictions that apply a territorial basis do not tax foreign source income. This raises some interesting issues in the application of the Pillar 2 rules.
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